The relationship between maternal factors and pregnancy weight gain with the incidence of stunting in toddlers East Java Province

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan kondisi gangguan tumbuh kembang balita akibat kekurangan gizi kronis dan penyakit infeksi yang ditandai dengan tinggi badan di bawah batas normal. Pada tahun 2022, prevalensi stunting di Indonesia mencapai 21,6% dan di Jawa Timur mencapai 34,9%. Salah satu faktor yang dapat meningkatkan risiko stunting, kesakitan bahkan kematian pada ibu dan anak yaitu faktor maternal. Faktor maternal stunting meliputi, usia ibu saat hamil, jarak kelahiran, paritas, kenaikan berat badan kehamilan, status gizi ibu, tinggi badan ibu, infeksi, kesehatan mental, IUGR dan kelahiran prematur, dan hipertensi.

Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan faktor maternal dan kenaikan berat badan kehamilan dengan kejadian stunting pada balita usia 24-59 bulan di Kabupaten Jember.

Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional analitik dengan desain case control yang dilakukan di 15 Puskesmas Kabupaten Jember pada bulan April-Juli 2024. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 272 balita usia 24-59 bulan yang terdiri dari sampel kasus 136 balita stunting dan sampel kontrol 136 balita tidak stunting dengan responden dari ibu balita. Teknik pemilihan sampel menggunakan cluster random sampling. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dari wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan studi dokumentasi buku Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis dengan analisis univariat (distribusi frekuensi) dan analisis bivariat dengan uji Chi-square.

Hasil: Hasil analisis menggunakan uji chi-square diperoleh hasil terdapat hubungan antara kenaikan berat badan kehamilan dengan kejadian stunting pada balita (p-value = <0,001 dan OR= 4,286 dengan 95% CI (2,556-7,187)). Ibu yang memiliki kenaikan berat badan kehamilan tidak sesuai standar Institute of Medicine (IOM) berpeluang melahirkan anak stunting 4,2 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ibu yang memiliki kenaikan berat badan kehamilan sesuai standar IOM. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara usia ibu saat hamil (p-value= 0,419), jarak kelahiran (p-value= 0,178), dan paritas (p-value= 0,321) dengan kejadian stunting pada balita.

Kesimpulan: Kenaikan berat badan kehamilan merupakan faktor risiko stunting pada balita usia 24-59 bulan di Kabupaten Jember.

KATA KUNCI: faktor maternal; riwayat kehamilan; stunting

ABSTRACT

Background: Stunting is a condition of impaired growth and development of toddlers due to chronic malnutrition and infectious diseases characterized by height below the normal limit. In 2022, the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia reached 21.6% and in East Java reached 34.9%. One of the factors that can increase the risk of stunting, illness and even death in mothers and children is the maternal factor. Maternal stunting factors include, maternal age during pregnancy, birth distance, parity, pregnancy weight gain, maternal nutritional status, maternal height, infection, mental health, IUGR and premature birth, and hypertension.

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between maternal factors and pregnancy weight gain with the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 24-59 months in Jember Regency.

Methods: This type of research is observational analysis with a case control design conducted in 15 Jember Regency Health Centers in April-July 2024. The sample of this study consists of 272 toddlers aged 24-59 months, comprising 136 stunted toddlers as the case sample and 136 non-stunted toddlers as the control sample, with respondents being the mothers of the toddlers. The sample selection technique uses cluster random sampling. The data of this study was obtained from interviews using questionnaires and documentation studies of Maternal and Child Health books. Furthermore, the data was analyzed by univariate analysis (frequency distribution) and bivariate analysis by Chi-square test.

Results: The results of the analysis using the Chi-square test showed that there was a relationship between pregnancy weight gain and the incidence of stunting in toddlers (p-value = < 0.001 and OR = 4.286 with 95% CI (2.556-7.187)). Mothers who have pregnancy weight gain that does not meet IOM standards are 4.2 times more likely to give birth to stunted children compared to mothers who have pregnancy weight gain according to IOM standards. There was no relationship between maternal age during pregnancy (p-value=0.419, birth distance (p-value=0.178), and parity (p-value=0.321) with the incidence of stunting in toddlers.

Conclusions: Pregnancy weight gain is a risk factor for stunting in toddlers aged 24-59 months in Jember Regency.

KEYWORD: maternal factors; pregnancy history; stunting