Inappropriate complementary feeding practice as a risk factor of stunting in children aged 6-23 months

Siska Ariftiyana; Hamam Hadi; Pramitha Sari; Nur Mukhlisoh Majidah; Herwinda Kusuma Rahayu; Lisana Shidiq Aliya; Emma C Lewis

doi:10.21927/ijnd.2025.13(4).304-314

Inappropriate complementary feeding practice as a risk factor of stunting in children aged 6-23 months

Siska Ariftiyana, Hamam Hadi, Pramitha Sari, Nur Mukhlisoh Majidah, Herwinda Kusuma Rahayu, Lisana Shidiq Aliya, Emma C Lewis

Abstract

Latar belakang: Stunting masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama di Indonesia, dengan target nasional untuk menurunkan prevalensinya menjadi 14% pada tahun 2024. Salah satu faktor penentu yang krusial adalah terjadi kesenjangan gizi muncul pada usia enam bulan pertama, ketika ASI saja tidak lagi memenuhi kebutuhan gizi bayi. Praktik pemberian makanan pendamping ASI (MPASI) yang tidak tepat seperti inisiasi pemberian makanan pendamping ASI (MPASI) terlalu dini, keragaman makanan yang terbatas, dan frekuensi makan yang tidak memadai menyebabkan kekurangan gizi, sehingga meningkatkan risiko stunting

Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis indikator praktik pemberian makanan pendamping ASI sebagai faktor risiko terjadinya stunting pada anak usia 6-23 bulan.

Metode: Sebuah studi kasus-kontrol tanpa matching dilakukan dari Desember 2022 hingga Januari 2023 di Kecamatan Pajangan, Kabupaten Bantul, Yogyakarta, yang melibatkan 51 anak stunting dan 51 anak kontrol non-stunting. Pengumpulan data meliputi pengukuran antropometri, karakteristik ibu dan ayah, serta pendapatan rumah tangga. Regresi logistik digunakan untuk memeriksa hubungan antara stunting dan indikator praktik pemberian MPASI, termasuk pengenalan makanan pendamping ASI (MPASI) tepat waktu (TIMELY), Keragaman Pangan Minimum (MDD), Frekuensi Makan Minimum (MMF), Pola Makan Minimum yang Dapat Diterima (MAD), dan konsumsi pangan hewani (ASF).

Hasil: Keragaman Pangan Minimum (MDD) yang tidak memadai (AOR = 5,17; 95% CI: 1,80-17,52) secara signifikan ditemukan sebagai faktor risiko signifikan untuk stunting. Indikator Diet Minimum yang Dapat Diterima (MDD) secara signifikan merupakan faktor protektif stunting (OR kasar = 0,38; 95% CI: 0,15-0,95). Indikator lain seperti waktu pengenalan makanan pendamping ASI pertama, Frekuensi Makan Minimum (MMF), TIMELY, MAD, MMF, dan konsumsi protein ASF tidak berhubungan dengan faktor risiko stunting..

Kesimpulan: Keragaman pangan yang terbatas telah diidentifikasi signifikan sebagai faktor risiko terhadap stunting. Temuan ini menekankan perlunya segera memperkuat intervensi yang mendorong keragaman pangan dan meningkatkan praktik pemberian makanan pendamping ASI (MPASI) guna mengurangi prevalensi stunting di Indonesia.

KATA KUNCI: anak usia 6-12 bulan; dietary diversity; mp-asi; praktik pemberian makan; stunting

ASBTRACT

Introduction: Stunting remains a major public health problem in Indonesia, with a national target to reduce prevalence to 14% by 2024. A critical determinant is the nutritional gap that arises around six months of age, when breast milk alone no longer meets infants’ nutritional needs. Inappropriate complementary feeding (CF) practices such as early initiation, limited dietary diversity, and inadequate meal frequency contribute to insufficient nutrient intake, thereby increasing the risk of stunting.

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze complementary feeding practice indicators as risk factors for stunting among children aged 6–23 months.

Methods: An unmatched case–control study was conducted from December 2022 to January 2023 in Pajangan District, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, involving 51 stunted children and 51 non-stunted controls. Data collection included anthropometric measurements, maternal and paternal characteristics, and household income. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between stunting and CF practice indicators, including timely introduction of complementary foods (TIMELY), Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD), Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF), Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), and animal-source food consumption (ASF).

Results: Inadequate MDD (AOR = 5.17; 95% CI: 1.80-17.52) was found to be significant risk factors for stunting. Other indicators such as TIMELY, MAD, MMF, and ASF were not related to stunting.

Conslusion: Limited dietary diversity was identified as significant risk factors for stunting. These findings highlight the urgent need to strengthen interventions that promote dietary diversity and improve complementary feeding practices to reduce stunting prevalence in Indonesia.

KEYWORDS: complementary feeding; dietary diversity; minimum meal frequency; minimum acceptable-diet; stunting

Keywords

anak usia 6-12 bulan; dietary diversity; mp-asi; praktik pemberian makan; stunting; complementary feeding; dietary diversity; minimum meal frequency; minimum acceptable-diet; stunting

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/ijnd.2025.13(4).304-314