Association of physical activity and maternal knowledge with fasting blood glucose among pregnant women in primary healthcare settings
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Diabetes melitus gestasional (DMG) dan hiperglikemia pada kehamilan berhubungan dengan risiko komplikasi maternal dan perinatal. Aktivitas fisik berpotensi memengaruhi regulasi glukosa, sedangkan pengetahuan ibu dapat mendukung perilaku kesehatan dan pencegahan DMG. Namun, hubungan kedua faktor tersebut dengan glukosa darah puasa pada ibu hamil di layanan kesehatan primer masih perlu dikaji.
Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara aktivitas fisik dan pengetahuan ibu dengan status glukosa darah puasa pada ibu hamil di layanan kesehatan primer.
Metode: Studi observasional analitik dengan desain cross-sectional pada 136 ibu hamil usia kehamilan 24–28 minggu yang direkrut secara purposive dari 4 puskesmas di Kabupaten Bantul pada 2019. Glukosa darah puasa diukur menggunakan ACCU-Chek Performa; aktivitas fisik dinilai menggunakan kuesioner yang diadaptasi dari International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); dan pengetahuan ibu diukur menggunakan kuesioner 13 item. Analisis utama menggunakan Fisher’s exact test, sedangkan analisis eksploratif membandingkan skor aktivitas fisik dan pengetahuan pada tiga kategori glukosa menggunakan Kruskal–Wallis dan Fisher–Freeman exact test.
Hasil: Tiga peserta (2,2%) memenuhi klasifikasi operasional ≥126 mg/dL, 48 peserta (35,3%) memiliki glukosa 100–125 mg/dL, dan 85 peserta (62,5%) memiliki glukosa <100 mg/dL. Aktivitas fisik berhubungan dengan klasifikasi operasional (p=0,042) dan berbeda antara tiga kategori glukosa (p=0,005), sedangkan pengetahuan tidak berhubungan secara signifikan (p=0,459).
Kesimpulan: Aktivitas fisik menunjukkan pola hubungan dengan status glukosa. Glukosa 100–125 mg/dL menunjukkan perlunya konfirmasi klinis, pemantauan antenatal, serta tindak lanjut yang sesuai untuk mencegah keterlambatan identifikasi gangguan glukosa pada kehamilan dan mendukung tindak lanjut layanan antenatal.
ABSTRACT
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hyperglycaemia during pregnancy are associated with maternal and perinatal outcomes. Physical activity may influence glucose regulation, while maternal knowledge may support healthy behaviours and GDM prevention. However, the relationship of these factors with fasting blood glucose among pregnant women in primary healthcare remains unclear.
Objective: To examine the associations of physical activity and maternal knowledge with fasting blood glucose status among pregnant women receiving primary care.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 136 pregnant women at 24–28 weeks of gestation who were purposively recruited from four community health centres in Bantul Regency, Indonesia, in 2019. Fasting glucose was measured using an ACCU-Chek Performa; physical activity was assessed using a questionnaire adapted from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); and maternal knowledge was assessed using a 13-item questionnaire. Fisher’s exact test was used for primary analysis, while exploratory analyses compared physical-activity and knowledge scores across three fasting-glucose categories using Kruskal–Wallis and Fisher–Freeman exact tests.
Results: Three participants (2.2%) met the operational ≥126 mg/dL classification, 48 (35.3%) had glucose levels of 100–125 mg/dL, and 85 (62.5%) had levels <100 mg/dL. Physical activity was associated with the operational classification (p=0.042) and differed across the three glucose categories (p=0.005), whereas knowledge was not significantly associated (p=0.459). Conclusions: Physical activity showed a pattern of association with fasting blood glucose status. Glucose levels of 100–125 mg/dL warrant clinical confirmation and follow-up.
Conclusion: Physical activity shows a pattern of association with glucose status. Glucose levels of 100–125 mg/dL indicate a need for clinical confirmation, antenatal monitoring, and appropriate follow-up to prevent delayed identification of glucose abnormalities during pregnancy and to support continued antenatal care.
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