Associations of carbohydrate, saturated fat, trans fat, and fiber intake and physical activity with lipid profiles among Minangkabau patients with coronary heart disease
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK) masih menjadi penyebab utama kematian dan kecacatan di dunia, dengan sekitar 254,3 juta kasus prevalen dan 9 juta kematian secara global pada tahun 2021.Kebiasaan makan dan tingkat aktivitas fisik dapat memengaruhi faktor risiko yang dapat dimodifikasi, termasuk dislipidemia. Kebiasaan makan tertentu, seperti ketergantungan tinggi pada makanan tradisional yang kaya lemak jenuh, mungkin dipengaruhi oleh faktor budaya dan dapat menyebabkan profil lipid yang abnormal.
Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara asupan karbohidrat, lemak jenuh, lemak trans, serat, dan aktivitas fisik dengan profil lipid pada pasien PJK etnis Minangkabau.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan sampel (n=45) pasien PJK di RSUD Achmad Mochtar. Asupan makanan diukur menggunakan SQFFQ dan tingkat aktivitas fisik dievaluasi menggunakan IPAQ-SF. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat (Chi-Square dan Fisher's exact test).
Hasil: Sebagian besar responden memiliki asupan karbohidrat yang kurang (46,7%), asupan lemak jenuh dan lemak trans yang berlebih (masing-masing 82,2% dan 73,3%), serta asupan serat yang kurang (91,1%). Sebanyak 75,6% responden memiliki tingkat aktivitas fisik dalam kategori sedang. Asupan lemak jenuh dan lemak trans berhubungan secara signifikan dengan kadar LDL, trigliserida, dan kolesterol total (p<0,05). Asupan serat juga berhubungan signifikan dengan kadar LDL dan kolesterol total (p<0,05), tetapi tidak dengan kadar HDL maupun trigliserida (p>0,05). Tidak ditemukan hubungan antara asupan karbohidrat maupun aktivitas fisik dengan profil lipid (p>0,05).
Kesimpulan: Dislipidemia dikaitkan dengan pola makan tinggi lemak jenuh dan trans serta rendah serat pada individu etnis Minangkabau yang menderita penyakit jantung koroner; namun, tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara konsumsi karbohidrat dan aktivitas fisik.
ABSTRACT
Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with approximately 254.3 million prevalent cases and 9 million deaths globally in 2021. Dietary habits and exercise levels are modifiable risk factors, including dyslipidemia. Certain dietary habits, such as heavy reliance on traditional foods high in saturated fats, may be influenced by cultural factors and lead to aberrant lipid profiles.
Objectives: To analyze the relationship between carbohydrate intake, saturated fat, trans fat, fiber, and physical activity and lipid profiles in Minangkabau ethnic patients with coronary heart disease.
Methods: This study uses a cross-sectional design with a sample (n=45) of CHD patients at Achmad Mochtar Hospital. Food intake was measured using the SQFFQ, and physical activity was evaluated using the IPAQ-SF. We conducted univariate and bivariate analyses (Chi-square and Fisher's Exact Test).
Results: Most respondents had insufficient carbohydrate intake (46.7%), excessive saturated and trans fat intake (82.2% and 73.3%, respectively), and insufficient fibre intake (91.1%). As many as 75.6% of respondents had moderate physical activity. The intake of saturated fats and trans fats is significantly associated with levels of LDL, triglycerides, and total cholesterol (p<0.05). Fibre intake is also significantly associated with levels of LDL and total cholesterol (p<0.05), but not with levels of HDL or triglycerides (p>0.05). No relationship was found between carbohydrate intake or physical activity and lipid profile (p>0.05).
Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is linked to a diet high in saturated and trans fats and low in fiber in Minangkabau ethnic individuals with coronary heart disease; however, there is no significant association between carbohydrate consumption and physical activity.
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