Effectiveness of lavender and lemon aromatherapy on postpartum perineal wound pain
Abstract
Background: The maternal mortality rate in Indonesia remains above the World Bank’s estimated average. Various studies have been conducted to reduce this figure. One such study involves providing aromatherapy to postpartum mothers. Perineal pain is a frequently reported concern after childbirth, which can interfere with a mother’s recovery. The use of lavender and lemon aromatherapy offers a non-pharmacological therapeutic alternative for managing this discomfort.
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender and lemon aromatherapy on postpartum perineal wound pain.
Methods: The research design used was a pre-experimental study involving two experimental groups. The population in this study consisted of 40 postpartum mothers. Using a purposive sampling technique, 30 women were selected as the research sample. The instrument used was a VAS questionnaire with 4 response scales. Data were analyzed using a paired t-test and Cohen’s d.
Results: The results revealed that lavender aromatherapy was effective in reducing postpartum perineal wound pain with moderate (2 hours) and severe (4 hours) criteria. This finding was attributed to lavender aromatherapy’s neuromodulatory effect, which impacted the psyche and caused mild anti-inflammatory effects on the wound. In fact, lemon aromatherapy proved effective with very severe criteria, both for the first 2 hours and the following 24 hours. These results were due to the combination of limbic neurotransmitters with peripheral anti-inflammatory effects, which helped mothers manage stress and other psychological factors during labor.
Conclusions: The study concluded that lemon aromatherapy was more effective than lavender because it was richer in citric acid and limonene. The study recommended that future research use a larger sample size and include several covariates to ensure broad generalizability of the findings.
References
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1. Clarke-Deelder E, Opondo K, Oguttu M, Burke T, Cohen JL, McConnell M. Immediate Postpartum Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Gap in Healthcare Quality Research and Practice. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2023 Feb;5(2):100764.
2. Stuebe AM, Kendig S, Suplee PD, D’Oria R. Consensus Bundle on Postpartum Care Basics. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2021 Jan;137(1):33–40.
3. Adams YJ, Miller ML, Agbenyo JS, Ehla EE, Clinton GA. Postpartum Care Needs Assessment: Women’s Understanding of Postpartum Care, Practices, Barriers, and Educational Needs. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023 Jul 7;23(1):502.
4. Desiyanti IW, Ardiningtyas L. Family center maternity care education for pregnant women through the approachin efforts to prevent stunting: a quasi-experimental. MEDISAINS. 2024 Dec 30;22(3):127.
5. Sulyastini NK, Linda IN, Armayanti LY, Prabawa A, Budiawan M. Maternal mortality in Buleleng, Bali, Indonesia (2021–2023): a mixed-methods analysis of clinical, systemic, and sociocultural contributors. MEDISAINS: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Kesehatan. 2025 Aug 11;23(2):80–7.
6. Syamsuriyati S, Handayani R, Suhartono S, Syarif S, Triananinsi N. Anemia during pregnancy and its influence on postpartum hemorrhage. MEDISAINS. 2024 Aug 31;22(2):70.
7. Vogel JP, Pileggi-Castro C, Chandra-Mouli V, Pileggi VN, Souza JP, Chou D, et al. Millennium Development Goal 5 and Adolescents: Looking Back, Moving Forward. Arch Dis Child. 2015 Feb;100(Suppl 1):S43–7.
8. Clarke-Deelder E, Opondo K, Oguttu M, Burke T, Cohen JL, McConnell M. Immediate Postpartum Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Gap in Healthcare Quality Research and Practice. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2023 Feb;5(2):100764.
9. Prasiska, Jang, Ha. Sociodemographic Disadvantage and Low Healthcare Access as Contributing Factors to High Maternal Death in Papua, Indonesia: Multilevel Analysis of Census Population Data. Rural Remote Health. 2025 Nov 4;
10. Darney PD, Nakamura-Pereira M, Regan L, Serur F, Thapa K. Maternal Mortality in the United States Compared With Ethiopia, Nepal, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2020 Jun;135(6):1362–6.
11. Damayanti NA, Wulandari RD, Ridlo IA. Maternal Health Care Utilization Behavior, Local Wisdom, and Associated Factors Among Women in Urban and Rural Areas, Indonesia. Int J Womens Health. 2023 May;Volume 15:665–77.
12. Puspitaningrum D, Indrawati ND, Purwanti IA. Prevalence and determinants of High-Risk women in pregnancy, labor and postpartum with premarital screening in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2018;9(11):311.
13. Gustanela O, Pratomo H. Faktor Sosial Budaya yang Berhubungan dengan Anemia pada Ibu Hamil (A Systematic Review). Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI). 2021 Oct 16;5(1):25–32.
14. Syed U, Kinney M V., Pestvenidze E, Vandy AO, Slowing K, Kayita J, et al. Advancing Maternal and Perinatal Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Multi-Country Review of Policies and Programmes. Front Glob Womens Health. 2022 Oct 10;3.
15. Moran AC, Jolivet RR, Chou D, Dalglish SL, Hill K, Ramsey K, et al. A Common Monitoring Framework for Ending Preventable Maternal Mortality, 2015–2030: Phase I of a Multi-Step Process. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016 Dec 26;16(1):250.
16. Karacay Yikar S, Nazik E. Postpartum Physical Symptoms and Nursing/Midwifery Care. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences. 2022 Aug 29;5(2):79–84.
17. Thakar R, Sultan AH, Lewicky-Gaupp C. Post-partum Problems and the Perineal Clinic. In: Pelvic Floor, Perineal, and Anal Sphincter Trauma During Childbirth. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2024. p. 161–78.
18. Kasi AD, Doumouchtsis SK. Prediction, Risk Assessment, and Prevention of Childbirth Trauma. In: Childbirth Trauma. London: Springer London; 2017. p. 249–70.
19. East CE, Sherburn M, Nagle C, Said J, Forster D. Perineal Pain Following Childbirth: Prevalence, Effects on Postnatal Recovery and Analgesia Usage. Midwifery. 2012 Feb;28(1):93–7.
20. Francisco AA, Oliveira SMJV de, Silva FMB da, Bick D, Riesco MLG. Women’s Experiences of Perineal Pain During the Immediate Postnatal Period: A Cross-Sectional Study in Brazil. Midwifery. 2011 Dec;27(6):e254–9.
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