The relationship between breakfast habits with cognitive performance and academic achievement in adolescents in Bogor District

Indria Dionie Putri; Lilik Kustiyah; Cesilia Meti Dwiriani

doi:10.21927/ijnd.2026.14(3).231-242

Authors

Indria Dionie Putri Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Indonesia
Lilik Kustiyah Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Indonesia
Cesilia Meti Dwiriani Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Human Ecology, IPB University, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21927/ijnd.2026.14(3).231-242

Keywords:

kebiasaan sarapan, performa kognitif, prestasi akademik, remaja, academic achievement , adolescents, breakfast habits, cognitive performance

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Pemenuhan gizi sangat krusial pada masa remaja. Meski sarapan berkontribusi 15–30% terhadap kebutuhan energi harian, 26,1% remaja Indonesia masih melewatkannya. Padahal, sarapan berpengaruh positif terhadap fungsi kognitif dan prestasi akademik remaja.

Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara kebiasaan sarapan dengan performa kognitif dan prestasi akademik pada remaja di Kabupaten Bogor.

Metode: Penelitian cross-sectional ini melibatkan 55 remaja dari Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) Negeri 1 Cibungbulang dengan purposive sampling. Data kebiasaan sarapan (kuesioner), asupan (food recall 2x24 jam), performa kognitif menggunakan Letter Cancellation Test untuk atensi dan Digit Letter Substitution Test untuk kecepatan pemrosesan, prestasi akademik diperoleh dari nilai Ujian Tengah Semester. Analisis data bivariat menggunakan uji Spearman, Pearson, dan Independet T-test.

Hasil: Mayoritas subjek (60%) memiliki kebiasaan sarapan yang baik dengan rata-rata skor atensi (33,0±16,4), kecepatan pemrosesan (42,9±22,0), dan nilai ujian (56,2±29,8) yang lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok tidak sarapan (40%). Namun, tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara subjek yang terbiasa sarapan dan tidak terbiasa sarapan pada aspek atensi (p = 0.297), kecepatan pemrosesan (p = 0.887), dan prestasi akademik (p = 0.898). Tidak terdapat hubungan frekuensi sarapan maupun kontribusi energi dengan atensi, kecepatan pemrosesan, dan prestasi akademik (p = 0.220, p = 0.937, dan p = 0.913); (p = 0.522, p = 0.897, dan p = 0.726).

Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan kebiasaan sarapan dengan performa kognitif dan prestasi akademik pada remaja di Kabupaten Bogor. Edukasi gizi mengenai manfaat sarapan terhadap performa kognitif dan prestasi akademik serta jenis sarapan perlu disampaikan untuk meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas sarapan pada remaja.

ABSTRACT

Background: Nutritional fulfillment was crucial during adolescence. Although breakfast contributed 15–30% of daily energy needs, 26.1% of Indonesian adolescents still skipped it, despite evidence that breakfast had a positive impact on cognitive function and academic achievement.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between breakfast habits and cognitive performance and academic achievement among adolescents in Bogor Regency.

Method: This cross-sectional study involved 55 adolescents from State Junior High School 1 Cibungbulang selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected on breakfast habits (questionnaire), dietary intake (2×24-hour food recall), cognitive performance using the Letter Cancellation Test (attention) and Digit Letter Substitution Test (processing speed), and academic achievement based on midterm exam scores. Bivariate analysis was conducted using Spearman’s test, Pearson’s test, and independent t-test.

Results: The majority of subjects (60%) had good breakfast habits, with average scores on attention (33.0±16.4), processing speed (42.9±22.0), and exam scores (56.2±29.8) higher than those of the non-breakfast group (40%). However, no significant differences were found between habitual breakfast and non-breakfast groups in attention (p=0.297), processing speed (p=0.887), or academic achievement (p=0.898). There was no relationship between breakfast frequency and energy contribution with attention, processing speed, and academic achievement (p = 0.220, p = 0.937, and p = 0.913, respectively); (p = 0.522, p = 0.897, and p = 0.726, respectively).

Conclusion: Breakfast habits were not relationship with cognitive performance or academic achievement among adolescents in Bogor Regency. Nutrition education on the benefits and quality of breakfast remains necessary to improve adolescents’ dietary practices.

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