Stunting among children Indonesian urban areas: What is the risk factors?

Tri Siswati; Trynke Hoekstra; Hari Kusnanto

doi:10.21927/ijnd.2020.8(1).1-8

Stunting among children Indonesian urban areas: What is the risk factors?

Tri Siswati, Trynke Hoekstra, Hari Kusnanto

Abstract

ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Stunting adalah malnutrisi kronis yang dapat terjadi pada semua balita termasuk balita di daerah perkotaan.
Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko stunting pada anak-anak 0-59 bulan di perkotaan di Indonesia.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional dengan menggunakan data sekunder berdasarkan Riskesdas tahun 2013. Sampel berjumlah 13.248 anak usia 0-59 bulan dari 33 provinsi, yang tinggal di daerah perkotaan, lahir tunggal (37 minggu), usia ≥37 minggu kehamilan, skor TB/U -5,99 hingga TB/U 5,99 SD, dan data yang diobservasi lengkap. Variabel bebas adalah karakteristik anak (usia, jenis kelamin, berat dan panjang lahir); dan karakteristik rumah tangga (usia orang tua, tinggi badan orang tua, pendidikan, pekerjaan, tingkat ekonomi), sedangkan variabel terikat adalah stunting. Analisis dilakukan dengan regresi logistik multivariat menggunakan Stata13.
Hasil: Faktor yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya stunting balita di perkotaan adalah BBLR (AOR 1,2 CI 95% 1,09-1,32); dan bayi lahir pendek (AOR 1,16 CI95%: 1,99-1,23) dan karakteristik rumah tangga seperti ayah pendek (AOR 1,24, CI95% 1,18-1,31); ibu pendek (AOR 1,23, CI95% 1,17-1,29); ibu berpendidikan rendah (AOR 1,14, CI 95% 1,02-1,23); ayah berpendidikan rendah (AOR 1,13, CI95% 1,02-1,23), dan tingkat ekonomi menengah dan rendah (AOR 1,12, CI 95% 1,06-1,19; AOR 1,24, CI95% 1,15-1,33).
Kesimpulan: Faktor yang berhubungan dengan stunting balita di perkotaan adalah BBLR dan tinggi badan orang tua.

KATA KUNCI: balita; determinan; Indonesia; perkotaan; stunting

ABSTRACT

Background:Childhood stunting is a form of chronic malnutrition, including among children in the urban area.
Objectives: This research was to determine the risk factors of 0-59 months stunting children in urban Indonesia.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study using secondary data based Indonesia’s Basic Health Research 2013. Samples were a total of 13,248 children aged 0-59 months from 33 provinces, urban residency, singleton, ≥37 weeks gestation, and HAZ score -5.99 to 5.99 SD. Independent variables were children characteristics (age, sex, size of birth); and household characteristics (parental age, high, education, employment, economic level), while the dependent variable was stunting. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using Stata 13.
Results: Children characteristics such as low birth weight (AOR 1.2 CI 95% 1.09-1.32); and short newborn length (AOR 1.16 CI95%:1.99-1.23) and stature father (AOR 1.24, CI95% 1.18-1.31) and mother (AOR 1.23, CI95% 1.17-1.29); maternal low education (AOR 1.14, CI 95% 1.02-1.23); paternal low education(AOR 1.13, CI95% 1.02-1.23), low middle economic level (AOR 1.12, CI 95% 1.06-1.19; AOR 1.24, CI95% 1.15-1.33) were factors associated with urban stunting children.
Conclusion: Low birth weight and short stature were dominant factors associated with stunting children in Indonesian urban areas.

KEYWORDS: children; determinant; Indonesian; urban; stunting

Keywords

balita; determinan; Indonesia; perkotaan; stunting; children; determinant; Indonesian; urban; stunting

Full Text:

PDF

References

WHO. Joint child malnutrition estimates - Levels and trends (2017 edition). In 2017.

Coulter JBS. Nutrition and malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2014;34(4):233–5.

Hoddinott J, Behrman JR, Maluccio JA, Melgar P, Quisumbing AR, Ramirez-Zea M, et al. Adult consequences of growth failure in early childhood. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(5):1170–8.

Dewey KG, Begum K. Long-term consequences of stunting in early life. Matern Child Nutr. 2011 Oct Suppl 3:5–18.

Kimani-Murage E, Kahn K. The prevalence of stunting, overweight and obesity, and metabolic disease risk in rural South African children. BMC public. 2010;1–13.

Rolfe, E. D. L., Vinı, G., Vianna, A., Gigante, D. P., Miranda, J. J., Yudkin, J. S., Horta, L. and Ong, K. K. Associations of stunting in early childhood with cardiometabolic risk factors in adulthood’, 2018. pp. 1–13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192196.

Grillo LP, Gigante DP, Horta BL, de Barros FCF. Childhood stunting and the metabolic syndrome components in young adults from a Brazilian birth cohort study. Eur J Clin Nutr. Nature Publishing Group; 2016;70(5):548–53.

Febba A, Sesso R, Barreto GP, Liboni CS, Franco MCP, Casarini DE. Stunting growth : association of the blood pressure levels and ACE activity in early childhood. 2009;379–86.

WHO. Sustainable Development Goals [Internet]. 2015. Available from: http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) Tahun 2010. 2010;1–111.

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan RI. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) 2013. 2013;1–384.

WHO. The double burden of malnutrition Policy Brief. 2015. Available from : https:WHO-NMH-NHD-17.3-eng.pdf?ua=1, retrieved 1st July 2019.

Braveman P. The Social Determinants of Health : It ’ s Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes. 129:19–31.

Unicef Office of Research. Structural Determinants of Child Well-being. 2012.

Torlesse H, Cronin AA, Sebayang SK, Nandy R. Determinants of stunting in Indonesian children: evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicate a prominent role for the water, sanitation and hygiene sector in stunting reduction. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1).

Srinivasan CS, Zanello G, Shankar B, Poel E Van de, O O, Smith L, et al. Rural-urban disparities in child nutrition in Bangladesh and Nepal. BMC Public Health.2013 (1):581.

Mbuya MNN, Chidem M, Chasekwa B, Mishra V. Biological, Social, and Environmental Determinants of Low Birth Weight and Stunting among Infants and Young Children in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe Work Pap. 2010;(7).

Kien VD, Lee H, Nam Y, Oh J. Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in child malnutrition in Vietnam: findings from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2000- 2011. 2016;1:1–9.

Braveman P, Egerter S, Barclay C. Income , Wealth and Health. Explor Soc Determ Heal. 2011;(April).

Egerter S, Braveman P, Sadegh-Nobari T, Grossman-Khan R, Dekker M. Education Matters for Health. 2009;(September):1–15.

Khongsdier R. Malnutrition, Social Inequality and Natural Selection in Human Populations. Hum Ecol. 2006;Ecology, C(14):49–63.

Emamian MH, Fateh M, Gorgani N, Fotouhi A. Mother’s education is the most important factor in socio-economic inequality of child stunting in Iran. Public Health Nutr. 2013;17(5):1–6.

Akombi BJ, Agho KE, Hall JJ, Merom D, Astell-Burt T, Renzaho AMN. Stunting and severe stunting among children under-5 years in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2017;17(1):15.

Ikeda N, Irie Y, Shibuya K. Determinants of reduced child stunting in Cambodia: analysis of pooled data from three demographic and health surveys. Bull World Health Organ. 2013;91(February):341–9.

Duggal P. Does Malnutrition Have a Genetic Component ?. Annu Rev gennon Hum Genet. 2018;(May):1–16

Blaney S, Februhartanty J, Sukotjo S. Feeding practices among Indonesian children above six months of age: A literature review on their magnitude and quality (part 1). Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2015;24(1):16–27.

Rosha, B.C., Sari, K., Yunita I., Amaliah. N., Utami, N.H. Peran Intervensi Gizi Spesifik dan Sensitif dalam Perbaikan Masalah Gizi Balita di Kota Bogor, Buletin Penelitian Kesehatan. 2016: 44 (2). 127 - 138

Aryastami NK, Pusat J, Secondary CA, Author C, Aryastami NK, Shankar A, et al. BMC Nutrition Low Birth Weight was the most dominant predictor associated with stunting among children aged 12-23 months in Indonesia. BMC Nutrition; 2017;1–6.

Anjum F, Javed T, Afzal MF, Sheikh GA. Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Low Birth Weight : A Case Control Study. 2011;17(3):223–8.

Khanal V, Sauer K, Karkee R, Zhao Y. Factors associated with small size at birth in Nepal: further analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14(1):32.

Krebs NF, Mazariegos M, Chomba E, Sami N, Pasha O, Tshefu A, et al. Randomized controlled trial of meat compared with multimicronutrient-fortified cereal in infants and toddlers with high stunting rates in diverse settings 1 – 3. 2012;840–7.

Kyu HH, Georgiades K, Boyle M. Maternal smoking, biofuel smoke exposure and child height-for-age in seven developing countries. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(5):1342–50.

Taulbut M, Walsh D. Poverty, Parenting and Poor Health: Comparing Early Years’ Experiences in Scotland, England and Three City Regions. Glas Cent Popul Heal. 2013;(December):1–139.

Babar NF, Muzaffar R, Khan M, Imdad S. Impact of Socioeconomic Factors on Nutritional Status in Primary School Children. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2010;22(4):15–8.

Hoddinott J, Alderman H, Behrman JR, Haddad L, Horton S. The economic rationale for investing in stunting reduction. Matern Child Nutr. 2013;2020(S2):69–82.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/ijnd.2020.8(1).1-8