Household food security is a risk factor of type 2 diabetic mellitus

Nor Eka Noviani, BJ Istiti Kandarina, Fatma Zuhrotun Nisa

Abstract


ABSTRAK

Latar Belakang: Ketahanan pangan adalah kondisi terpenuhinya pangan bagi negara sampai dengan perseorangan, yang tercermin dari tersedianya pangan yang cukup, baik jumlah maupun mutunya, aman, beragam, bergizi, merata, dan terjangkau serta tidak bertentangan dengan agama, keyakinan, dan budaya masyarakat, untuk dapat hidup sehat, aktif, dan produktif secara berkelanjutan. Ketika kondisi pangan bagi negara sampai dengan perorangan tidak terpenuhi, maka kondisi yang terjadi adalah tidak tahan pangan. Tidak tahan pangan berhubungan dengan penyakit kronis diabetes melitus tipe 2.
Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifi kasi ketahanan pangan dan faktor lain yang berhubungan dengan DM2 di Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian obeservasi dengan desain case control, dimana kasus adalah pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 yang terdaftar di 4 kecamatan di Kabupaten Kulon Progo. Sedangkan kontrol adalah subyek bukan penyandang DM2. Penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive yang kemudian dilakukan penyetaraan terhadap umur dan tempat tinggal. Uji statistik chi-square, Mc. Nemar dan regresi logistik dilakukan untuk mengidentifi kasi variabel yang merupakan faktor risiko.
Hasil: Uji chi square menunjukkan bahwa riwayat keluarga memiliki hubungan yang bermakna dengan DM2 (p<0,05). Status tidak tahan pangan lebih banyak terjadi pada kelompok kontrol (79,36%). Banyak responden memiliki skor kualitas diet yang kurang yakni 60,32% di kedua kelompok. Banyak responden tidak mengalami obesitas (>50%). Obesitas sentral terjadi pada 65,08% kasus dan 52,38% kontrol. Uji Mc. Nemar menunjukkan tidak ada variabel yang signifi kan (p>0,05; OR >1). Obesitas sentral berisiko terjadinya DM2 sebesar 61%. Uji regresi logistik menyimpulkan bahwa riwayat keluarga memberikan kontribusi besar berkembangnya DM2.
Kesimpulan: Ketahanan pangan rumah tangga bukan faktor risiko terjadinya DM2 di Kulon Progo. Obesitas sentral berpeluang terjadinya DM2. Faktor genetik sebagai faktor dominan terjadinya DM2 di Kulon Progo.

KATA KUNCI: diabetes melitus tipe 2; ketahanan pangan; kualitas diet; obesitas; obesitas sentral; faktor risiko


ABSTRACT

Background: Food security refl ects a situation when individual at all times has physical, social, and economic access to suffi cient, diversifi ed, safe and nutrious food that meets their dietary needs, food preference and religious believes for an active and healthy life. When the condition of individual is not adequate, it will contribute to food insecurity. Food insecurity has association with chronic diseases like type 2 diabetic mellitus (DM2).
Objectives: To identify whether food security and other cofactors being the risk of DM2 in Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Methods: This is an observational study with case control design. The case group was diabetic patients registered in Community Health Center in 4 subdistrics in Kulon Progo Regency whereas the control group was non diabetic patients. Respondents were selected purposively in accordance with inclusive and exclusive criterion, equivalently matching with age, gender and neighborhood. Chi square test, Mc. Nemar and logistic regression were used to identify risk factor.
Results: The characteristic of two group revealed that family history had signifi cant association in development of DM2 (p<0.05). Food insecurity more commonly occured in control group (79.36%). Low quality diet was faced by the two group. Half of them had no obesity. Based on Mc. Nemar no variables statistically became risk factor of diabetic mellitus type 2 (p>0.05). But central obesity can be risk for DM. Genetic factor contributed to be DM2.
Conclusion: Food security was not risk factor of developing DM2. Central obesity might be the risk of DM2. Parent history was the dominant factor of DM2.

KEYWORDS: diabetic mellitus; food security; quality diet; obesity; risk factor


Keywords


diabetes melitus tipe 2; ketahanan pangan; kualitas diet; obesitas; obesitas sentral; faktor risiko; diabetic mellitus; food security; quality diet; obesity; risk factor

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/ijnd.2020.8(1).22-29

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