The impact of nutritional status and maternal behavior on infant growth

Erry Yudhya Mulyani; Idrus Jus'at; Anindya Billa Mustika

doi:10.21927/ijnd.2022.10(1).37-45

The impact of nutritional status and maternal behavior on infant growth

Erry Yudhya Mulyani, Idrus Jus'at, Anindya Billa Mustika

Abstract

Background: Maternal behaviour during pregnancy is closely related to the condition of the fetus. Malnutrition in pregnant women can cause Low Birth Weight Babies (LBW) and also a decrease in the level of intelligence. The prevalence of stunting in 2021 decreased by 1.6 from 2019, that shows from 27.7% to 24.4%.

Objectives: This study aims to determine the impact of nutritional status and maternal behaviour on infant growth in West Jakarta.

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional, starting on July 2017 until January 2018. A total of 66 subjects of pregnant women aged 18-35 years chosen to take part in the study from their 37th weeks of pregnancy to delivery. Drinking alcohol, traditional herbs, medicines, and smoking are indicators of maternal behaviour. Maternal IGF-1 concentrations, body weight, body length, and infant heart rate were indicators of infant growth. Chi-Square test and Independent T-Test were used for the statistical analysis.

Results: The subjects showed a mean of 26.0±4.8 years old, body height of 154.0±4.9 cm, body weight in third pregnancy of 66.4±11.3 kg, BMI of 22.6±3.7 kg/m², MUAC of 27.2±3.3 cm, and body temperature of 36.2±1.3°C. Maternal behaviour and nutrional status did not significantly affect infant growth (p≥0.05). However, MUAC was a factor that affected to heart rate in infants (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Nutritional status is one of indicator that affects to infant growth; therefore, pregnant women need to more attention to keep their nutritional status, nutritional intake and healthy living behaviour during pregnancy.

Keywords

Infant growth; Maternal behavior; Medical history; Nutritional status; Pregnant women

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.p:132.

Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Hasil Utama RISKESDAS 2018. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.p:10.

Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia. Buku Saku Hasil Studi Status Gizi Indonesia (SSGI) Tingkat Nasional, Provinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota 2021. Jakarta: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. P:10.

Gala UM, Godhia ML, Nandanwar YS. Effect of Maternal Nutritional Status on Birth Outcome. IJANHS 2016;4(2):226-233. doi:10.23953/cloud.ijanhs.142.

Veena SR, Gale CR, Krishnaveni GV, Kehoe SH, Srinivasan K, Fall CHD. Association between maternal nutritional status in pregnancy and offspring cognitive function during childhood and adolescence; a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2016;6:220, doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-1011-z.

Tzanetakou IP, Mikhailidis DP, Perrea DN. Nutrition during Pregnancy and the Effect of Carbohydrates on the Offspring’s Metabolic Profile: In Search of the ‘Perfect Maternal Diet’. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2011;5:103-109. doi: 10.2174/1874192401105010103.

Entringer S, Buss C, Swanson JM, Cooper DM, Wing DA, Waffarn F, Wadhwa PD. Fetal programming of body composition, obesity, and metabolic function: the role of intrauterine stress and stress biology. J Nutr Metab 2012;2012:632548. doi: 10.1155/2012/632548. Epub 2012 May 10. PMID: 22655178; PMCID: PMC3359710.

Cetin I, Laoreti A. The importance of maternal nutrition for health. J Pediatr Neonat Individual Med 2015;4(2):e040220. doi: 10.7363/040220

Danielewicz ., Myszczyszyn G, Dębińska A, Myszkal A, Boznański A, Hirnle L. Diet in pregnancy-more than food. Eur J Pediatr 2017;176:1573-1579. doi: 10.1007/s00431-017-3026-5.

Chen X, Zhao D, Mao X, Xia Y, Baker PN, Zhang H. Maternal Dietary Patterns and Pregnancy Outcome. Nutrients 2016;7;8(6):351. doi: 10.3390/nu8060351. PMID: 27338455; PMCID: PMC4924192.

Abu-Saad K, Fraser D. Maternal nutrition and birth outcomes. Epidemiol Rev 2010;32:5-25. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxq001. PMID: 20237078.

Wadhwa PD, Entringer S, Buss C, Lu MC. The contribution of maternal stress to preterm birth: issues and considerations. Clin Perinatol 2011;38(3):351-384. doi:10.1016/j.clp.2011.06.007

Dundas R, Ouédraogo S, Bond L, Briggs AH, Chalmers J, Gray R, Wood R, Leyland, AH. Evaluation of Health in Pregnancy grants in Scotland: a protocol for a natural experiment. BMJ Open 2014;4:e006547, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014- 006547.

Tiffon C. The Impact of Nutrition and Environmental Epigenetics on Human Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19(11):3425. doi: 10.3390/ijms19113425. PMID: 30388784; PMCID: PMC6275017.

Laborde ND, Mair C. Alcohol Use Patterns Among Postpartum Women. Matern Child Health J 2012;16(9):1810–1819.doi:10.1007/s10995-011-0925-3.

Teo C, Chia AR, Colega MT, Chen LW, Fok D, Pang WW, Godfrey KM, Tan KH, Yap F, Shek LPC, Chong YS, Meaney M, Chen H, Chong MFF. Prospective Associations of Maternal Dietary Patterns and Postpartum Mental Health in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Cohort: The Growing up in Singapore towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) Study. Nutrients 2018;10(3):299. doi:10.3390/nu10030299

Englund-Ögge L, Brantsæter AL, Juodakis J, Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Jacobsson B, Sengpiel V. Associations between maternal dietary patterns and infant birth weight, small and large for gestational age in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2019;73(9):1270-1282. doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0356-y

Paknahad Z, Fallah A, Moravejolahkami AR. Maternal Dietary Patterns and Their Association with Pregnancy Outcomes. Clin Nutr Res. 2019;8(1):64-73. Published 2019 Jan 25. doi:10.7762/cnr.2019.8.1.64

Kim DR, Bale TL, Epperson CN. Prenatal Programming of Mental Illness: Current Understanding of Relationship and Mechanisms. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015;17(2):5, doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0546-9.

Panth N, Gavarkovs A, Tamez M, Mattei J. The Influence of Diet on Fertility and the Implications for Public Health Nutrition in the United States. Front Public Health 2018;6:211. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00211. PMID: 30109221; PMCID: PMC6079277.

Vaz Jdos S, Kac G, Emmett P, Davis JM, Golding J, Hibbeln JR. Dietary patterns, n-3 fatty acids intake from seafood and high levels of anxiety symptoms during pregnancy: findings from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e67671. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067671

Hepper PG, Dornan JC., Lynch C. Fetal brain function in response to maternal alcohol consumption: Early evidence of damage. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 36(12), pp. 2168–2175, doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01832.x., 2012

Warren KR, Hewitt BG. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: when science, medicine, public policy, and laws collide. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15(3):170-5. doi: 10.1002/ddrr.71. PMID: 19731390.

Kharkova OA, Grjibovski AM, Krettek A, Nieboer E, Odland JØ. Effect of Smoking Behavior before and during Pregnancy on Selected Birth Outcomes among Singleton Full-Term Pregnancy: A Murmansk County Birth Registry Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14(8):867. doi:10.3390/ijerph14080867

Polańska K, Jurewicz J, Hanke W. Smoking and alcohol drinking during pregnancy as the risk factors for poor child neurodevelopment – A review of epidemiological studies. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2015;28(3):419-443. doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00424.

Health Research and Development Agency of Indonesian Ministry of Health. Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS). Jakarta: Indonesian Ministry of Health; 2017. Available at: https://www.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/info-terkini/hasil-riskesdas-2018.pdf

Sharma M, Mishra S. Effects of Maternal Health and Nutrition on Birth Weight of Infant. Int J Sci Res 2014;3(6):855-858. ISSN (Online): 2319-7064.

Rahman MS, Howlader T, Masud MS, Rahman ML. Association of Low-Birth Weight with Malnutrition in Children under Five Years in Bangladesh: Do Mother's Education, Socio-Economic Status, and Birth Interval Matter? PLoS One 2016;11(6):e0157814. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157814. PMID: 27355682; PMCID: PMC4927179.

Roy MP. Maternal infection, malnutrition, and low birth weight. J Postgrad Med 2016;62(4):270–271. doi: 10.4103/0022-3859.191010.

Falster K, Hanly M, Banks E, Lynch J, Chambers G, Brownell M, Eades S, Jorm L. Maternal age and offspring developmental vulnerability at age five: A population-based cohort study of Australian children. PLoS Med 2018;15(4):e1002558. Published 2018 Apr 24. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002558

Oliveira FC Jr, Surita FG, Pinto E Silva JL, Cecatti JG, Parpinelli MA, Haddad SM, Costa ML, Pacagnella RC, Sousa MH, Souza JP. Severe maternal morbidity and maternal near miss in the extremes of reproductive age: results from a national cross- sectional multicenter study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14:77. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-77.

Gyesaw NY, Ankomah A. Experiences of pregnancy and motherhood among teenage mothers in a suburb of Accra, Ghana: a qualitative study. Int J Womens Health 2013;5:773-80. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S51528. PMID: 24250233; PMCID: PMC3829679.

Ngum Chi Watts MC, Liamputtong P, Mcmichael C. Early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of African Australian teenage mothers in greater Melbourne, Australia. BMC Public Health 2015;15:873, doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2215-2

Fanzo J. Ethical issues for human nutrition in the context of global food securityand sustainable development. Glob Food Sec 2015;7:15-23. ISSN: 2211-9124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2015.11.001.

Sesikeran, B, Urooj A, Rao K. Maternal Malnutrition in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Closer Look at the Indian Scenario. EC Paediatrics 2018;7(4):295-311

Sebastiani G, Borrás-Novell C, Casanova MA, Tutusaus MP, Martínez SF, Roig MDG, García-Algar O. The Effects of Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse on Maternal Nutritional Profile during Pregnancy. Nutrients. 2018;10(8):1008. Published 2018 Aug 2. doi:10.3390/nu10081008

Malhotra A, Allison BJ, Castillo-Melendez M, Jenkin G, Polglase GR, Miller SL. Neonatal Morbidities of Fetal Growth Restriction: Pathophysiology and Impact. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019;7;10:55. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00055. PMID: 30792696; PMCID: PMC6374308.

Breen C, Awbery E, Burns L (The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia). Supporting pregnant women who use alcohol or other drugs: a review of the evidence. Sydney: Univeristy of New South. Supported by Australian Government. Available on: https://ndarc.med.unsw.edu.au/resource/supporting-pregnant-women-who-use-alcohol-or-other-drugs-review-evidence

Cross SJ, Lotfipour S, Leslie FM. Mechanisms and genetic factors underlying co-use of nicotine and alcohol or other drugs of abuse. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2017 Mar;43(2):171-185. doi: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1209512. PMID: 27532746; PMCID: PMC5493323.

Koblinsky M, Chowdhury ME, Moran A, Ronsmans C. Maternal morbidity and disability and their consequences: neglected agenda in maternal health. J Health Popul Nutr 2012;30(2):124-30. doi: 10.3329/jhpn.v30i2.11294. PMID: 22838155; PMCID: PMC3397324.

Reed HE, Koblinsky MA, Mosley WH, editors (National Research Council (US) Committee on Population). The Consequences of Maternal Morbidity and Maternal Mortality: Report of a Workshop. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225434/ doi: 10.17226/9800

Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2011;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.

Silasi M, Cardenas I, Kwon JY, Racicot K, Aldo P, Mor G. Viral infections during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2015;73(3):199-213. doi: 10.1111/aji.12355. PMID: 25582523; PMCID: PMC4610031.

Lékó AH, Cservenák M, Szabó ÉR, Hanics J, Alpár A, Dobolyi Á. Insulin-like growth factor I and its binding protein-3 are regulators of lactation and maternal responsiveness. Sci Rep 2017;7(1):3396. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-03645-5. PMID: 28611445; PMCID: PMC5469809.

Reynolds CM, Perry JK, Vickers MH. Manipulation of the Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor (GH-IGF) Axis: A Treatment Strategy to Reverse the Effects of Early Life Developmental Programming. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18(8):1729. doi: 10.3390/ijms18081729. PMID: 28786951; PMCID: PMC5578119.

Allard JB, Duan C. IGF-Binding Proteins: Why Do They Exist and Why Are There So Many? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018;9:117. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00117. PMID: 29686648; PMCID: PMC5900387.

Borges MH, Pullockaran J, Catalano PM, Baumann MU, Zamudio S, Illsley NP. Human placental GLUT1 glucose transporter expression and the fetal insulin-like growth factor axis in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019;1865(9):2411-2419. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.06.002.

Lewitt MS, Boyd GW. The Role of Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins in the Nervous System. Biochem Insights. 2019;12:1178626419842176. doi: 10.1177/1178626419842176. PMID: 31024217; PMCID: PMC6472167.

Sferruzzi-Perri AN, Camm EJ. The Programming Power of the Placenta. Front Physiol 2016;7:33. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00033. PMID: 27014074; PMCID: PMC4789467.

Malhotra A, Allison BJ, Castillo-Melendez M, Jenkin G, Polglase GR, Miller SL. Neonatal Morbidities of Fetal Growth Restriction: Pathophysiology and Impact. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019;10:55. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00055. PMID: 30792696; PMCID: PMC6374308.

Padhi BK, Baker KK, Dutta A, Cumming O, Freeman MC, Satpathy R, Das BS, Panigrahi P. Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes among Women Practicing Poor Sanitation in Rural India: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS Med 2015;12(7):e1001851. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001851. PMID: 26151447; PMCID: PMC4511257.

LifeCycle Project-Maternal Obesity and Childhood Outcomes Study Group, Voerman E, Santos S, Inskip H, Amiano P, et, all.. Association of Gestational Weight Gain With Adverse Maternal and Infant Outcomes. JAMA 2019;321(17):1702-1715. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.3820. PMID: 31063572; PMCID: PMC6506886

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21927/ijnd.2022.10(1).37-45