Histological Evidence of Enhanced Humoral Immunity by a Polyherbal Formulation in an Animal Immunogenicity Model

Abstract

Background: Antibiotic resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat often exacerbated by inappropriate  self-medication. In Indonesia, infectious diseases remain a leading cause of mortality, yet public understanding and practices regarding antibiotic use are often suboptimal. Objective: This study investigated the association between sociodemographic factors and the knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotic use among the community in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Methods: A community-based cross- sectional survey was conducted from March to April 2023 across 31 primary healthcare centers in 17 sub- districts. A total of 418 respondents were selected using a two-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected via a validated questionnaire (Cronbach’s Alpha > 0.6) and analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests (p<0.05). Results: The findings revealed that 53.35% of respondents possessed inadequate knowledge, while 49.76% practiced self-medication. Although 94.50% exhibited favorable attitudes toward rational use, a notable "attitude-practice gap" persisted. Statistical analysis demonstrated that sociodemographic factors—including age, education level, and health insurance—were not significantly associated with knowledge, beliefs, or attitudes (p>0.05), indicating that misconceptions were uniformly distributed across the community. However, antibiotic-use practices were significantly associated with gender (p=0.038) and occupation (p=0.027). Furthermore, a significant association was established between knowledge levels and self-medication practices (p=0.028), identifying inadequate health literacy as a primary driver of inappropriate drug acquisition. Conclusion: While theoretical attitudes were positive, inadequate knowledge and easy access to medication fueled high rates of self-medication. Pharmacists must serve as clinical gatekeepers, implementing community-wide educational interventions to correct misconceptions and promote rational antibiotic therapy.